Starting in 2010 when Apple made the retina display and exhibit quality a fundamental topic for their product marketing , show have move up from the doldrums into an unprecedented renaissance of new display technology for smartphones , tablet , boob tube , and entirely fresh classes of product like wearable displays .
That feeler impressed consumers and moved the intact display industry . But Apple has recently given up the lead in displays — now Amazon , Google , LG , and Samsung are launch production with the good and most innovative display as documented in our in - depthDisplay Technology Shoot - Out article series . The Modern iPad miniskirt retina display , for example , came in a remote third spot finish in a recentDisplay Shoot - Out clause . Hopefully Apple will join the loss leader again with new and innovative displays in 2014 .
Up through 2012 the increases in screen sizing , resolution , and pixels per inch ( ppi ) were at the vanguard of new displays . In 2013 we witnessed the introduction of Quantum Dots and Curved Displays — two of the most innovative exhibit technology developments in a decade along with OLEDs . In gain there are preserve maturation in color gamuts and color accuracy , higher resolutions and ppi , hopeful and low reflection factor displays for good filmdom visibility in bright ambient light , and many continuing enhancements for both LCDs and organic light-emitting diode that we will discuss below .
2014 Display Technologies
The current trends for amend the color gamut and colouring truth , increase the resolution and pixels per inch , come down silver screen reflectivity and increase display brightness for better performance in ambient light will accelerate in 2014 due to novel technologies and increased competition .
Quantum Dots are going to revolutionize and reenergize LCDs for the next 5 + age . While they have been under development for many year , in 2013 they made it out of the labs and into consumer products : in some model of Sony Bravia boob tube , with Quantum Dots fromQD Vision , and in the Amazon Kindle Fire HDX 7 , with Quantum Dots fromNanosys , which we recentlytested in a Display Shoot - Out article . In 2014 , there will be many new LCD smartphones , tablets , and boob tube with Quantum Dots , as manufacturers rush to ride out competitive , but take note that many of these mathematical product will not cite Quantum Dots in their selling .
Curved and Flexible Displays
Samsung Galaxy Roundsmartphone and the curvedLG OLED TVto identify how the curvature improves exhibit performance . It ’s significant to remark that the curvature is small and subtle — the edges of the screen are just 0.10 inches higher than the center for the 5.7 inch Galaxy Round , and just 1.4 inches for the 55 inch LG TV . That is just the right amount to importantly improve image quality when watching in ambient light , but they are not so heavily slue as to provide a panoramic optic surround or interfere with view off axis of rotation ( as many reviewers have intimate ) . The subtle TV curvature improves off axis side consider because the curve reduces the lynchpin ( trapezoidal ) image torture and foreshortening seen with insipid screens by as much as 50 percent – but it ’s look across as normal because people are used to check it . Most curving displays utilise OLED technology , although there are also some curved LCD .
As a result of these public presentation sweetening , more product will be developed with curving screen , but the payload level in 2014 will remain low due to limited production capacity . However , these innovative slue screen products could also stall in the marketplace because consumers do n’t yet appreciate their significance .
pliable and Bendable Displays : the Galaxy Round is actually made with a flexile OLED exhibit that is place under a secure curved masking glass . In ourShoot - Out articlewe also test the same show without the covert spyglass as a free standing flexible showing ( like a flagstone attached to a flagpole that is bendable in any direction , but not folding ) . It performed even better than the fixed bend Galaxy Round , but products with free standing flexile displays are unlikely to come before 2015 . What will undoubtedly appear in 2014 are smart watches with elastic curved displays and pliant displays that are bent over corners so as to provide opinion in multiple guidance .
Full and Wide Color Gamut Displays
Up until recently , most LCDs had only 55 to 65 percent of the Standard sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut that is used in produce well-nigh all current consumer content – ensue in subdued colors in figure of speech , video , and photos . This limitation results from the traditional reduction in brightness and major power efficiency as the Color Gamut is increase ( which can now be overcome using Quantum Dots ) . Most leading LCDs now have Color Gamuts great than 85 % , with the good faithful to 100 % . The most notable trailer in 2013 were theiPad mini retina displayandMicrosoft Surface 2 , both with just 63 percent of the Standard Gamut . Quantum Dots mentioned above will roleplay a major part in ameliorate the Color Gamut of liquid crystal display . Note that the sometimes cite NTSC Gamut is recollective since obsolete and totally irrelevant , so please stop mentioning it .
Displays publicize with Wide Color Gamuts greater than 100 percent of the Standard sRGB / Rec.709 can not show colors that are not in the original ikon content so they instead farm distorted oversaturated color . organic light-emitting diode presently have wide aboriginal Color Gamuts around 130 percent , but conduct OLEDs like theSamsung Galaxy S4andGalaxy Note 3now include mode with innovative Color Management that reduces the native Gamut to approximately 100 percent and deliver accurate on - concealment image colors .
There is , however , a very of import major advantage for displays with full Color gamut greater than 100 percent because Ambient Light wash out the on - blind range colors — and displays are almost never watched in absolute dark . So with real - meter Color Management that accurately adjust the Color Gamut to value smashing than 100 percent based on the current measured level of Ambient Light can then compensate for the simplification in color saturation , and produce precise on - screen colors in Ambient Light , which we will discourse below .
Improved Absolute Color Accuracy and Picture Quality
Picture quality , gloss faithfulness and accuracy have been steady getting better due to improved display engineering , advanced signal processing , automate factory standardisation , and increase competition . Our series ofDisplay Shoot - Outlab tests and measurements show that the very best smartphones , tablets , and TVs are now like in truth to professional studio monitors . With good truth you ’ll see high fidelity presentations of your digital picture , which is specially crucial because you often know on the dot what everything should actually look like . Another advantage is that online product will appear with precise color , so you ’ll have a honorable idea of on the dot what you ’re bribe and are less likely to return it . Potential downside admit on - screen food that will make you particularly hungry , and you will undoubtedly watch more shows , film , and download depicted object when they all look bang-up .
If you ’ve ever wonder why some colors are way off on a display — there are many contribute factors and causes include the Color Gamut , the calibrated White Point , the Intensity Scale , and possibly poorly follow out dynamic photo processing and Color Management . It ’s possible to accurately mensurate and map out the absolute color accuracy and color errors for any display using a spectroradiometer and proprietary test patterns , which we do in ourDisplay Technology Shoot - Outarticle series . We provide both the intermediate and Maximum Color error in terms of Just Noticeable Color Differences ( JNCD ) , and include a full Chromaticity Color Accuracy mapping , which is shown inFigure 2below ( click to lucubrate for particular ) .
sRGB / Rec.709 Reference Colors
Kindle and Nexus Absolute Color Accuracy Error game
iPad mini retina display Absolute Color Accuracy Error Plots
VisitDisplayMatefor more on these gloss truth maps .
In 2013 , the most accurate display we evaluate was theLG OLED TV , with an Average Absolute Color Error of just 1.3 JNCD , which is visually identical from perfect . Figure 2has Absolute Color Accuracy plot for the Kindle Fire HDX 7 and Google Nexus 7 , and also clear indicate the much larger Color mistake for the Apple iPad mini retina display . In 2014 we expect to see major betterment in Absolute Color Accuracy ensue from Quantum Dots and meliorate Color Management processing .
4K UHD and High Resolution High PPI Displays
Selling high declaration has always worked well – from Standard Definition 720×480 to gamy definition 1920×1080 TVs , 8 + Mega Pixel digital television camera , Apple retina display and competing 326 + ppi Smartphones and 264 + ppi Tablets . Now we ’re seeing mobile displays with 450 + ppi and 4 kelvin extremist high definition UHD television receiver with 3840×2160 resolutions and above . But , can you actually see the enhance asperity and resolutionon a smartphone or 4 K UHD telly ? The above clause explains the many take that total into play .
There is a terminus ad quem to the visual visual acuity of the human eye — while a small percentage have good than 20/20 Vision , most hoi polloi actually have less than 20/20 Vision . As a event there is a useful upper limit for display resolution and ppi — exceeding it does n’t make practical sense because there is n’t any visual benefit and the show performance often decreases ( and total twist price often increase significantly ) . So is there a good case for 450 + ppi Smartphones and 4 K UHD TVs ?
Smartphones : If you throw a 450 ppi smartphone up really close ( about 7.5 inches ) you ’ll be able to see all of the image detail if you have 20/20 sight , but to answer even higher ppi you would have to hold it even closer , which is not potential in world-wide function . So based on 20/20 ocular acuity alone the practical upper limit for a smartphone is about 450 ppi . But there are a identification number of other advantages for propel up much higher than 450 ppi that we will discuss in thesmartphonessection below .
TVs : For 4 K UHD TVs the question is will you actually be able to see a visual advance in figure of speech raciness and detail over a 1920×1080 HDTV ? For 20/20 vision if you have a 40 in telecasting you ’ll call for to be watching from close than 5.2 ft to see an improvement , a 50 inch TV closer than 6.5 foot , a 60 column inch boob tube faithful than 7.8 feet , a 70 inch television set close than 9.1 feet , and an 80 inch TV closer than 10.4 feet . In the USA the average viewing distance for a television set is about 9 groundwork — for 20/20 Vision at this see length you should have a screen larger than about 70 inches . To see all of the image detail on a 4 K UHD TV with 20/20 vision you would need to watch from one-half of the above distances . So the larger the video and the closer the regard distance the better the casing for 4 K UHD — based on 20/20 visual acuity alone , TVs 80 inches and above are best for 4 K UHD , while 40 inches and below do n’t make sensory faculty ( unless it ’s a computing machine monitor lizard because they are loosely see at 2.5 feet or less ) . But there are a number of other advantages for moving up to 4 K UHD that we will discuss in theTVsection below .
Very Bright Low Reflectance High Ambient Light Displays
The screen on all displays are mirrors that reflect light source from everything that is illuminated anywhere in front of them , including lamps , ceiling visible light , window , direct and collateral indoor and outdoor sunlight , which washes out the on - concealment people of colour , cheapen image contrast , and interferes with construe the on - filmdom images . SeeFigure 3below and thisShoot - Out clause , which have CRT screen shots of many displays in up to 40,000 lux of ambient light to show how the on - cover colors and image contrast degrade .
See the rest of these ambient light screenshotshere .
One respectable way to counter the effect of ambient light source is by deoxidize the screen Reflectance , which has been steady decreasing — in 2013 we measured a record low of 4.4 pct ( down from 8 to 15 percentage in 2011 ) . Another method is by increasing the video display brightness — in 2013 we measured a platter high of 684 cd / m2 ( up from 300 to 450 cd / m2 in 2011 ) . These will both continue to meliorate in 2014 .
But there are other more in advance method to ameliorate video display performance in ambient light that we ’ll be seeing in 2014 . One is to use a display with a slimly curve ( concave ) cover that deoxidize reflection as mentioned above . Another is by using anAmbient Light Sensorto accurately align the projection screen brightness — most current implementations areclose to uselessbut they are getting better . The most advanced method is to also use the Ambient Light Sensor to accurately vary the display ’s Color Gamut and Intensity Scale to compensate for the rinse out images ensue from ambient igniter reflecting off the screen . SeeFigure 4above and thisShoot - Out article . In 2014 some displays may include all of these methods .
LTPS and IGZO
All LCD and OLED showing have an internal backplane level that has the electronic circuitry require to see to it the million of sub - pixels . Its performance is peculiarly critical in high ppi displays . While most LCD displays still use amorphous Si ( a - Si ) , many gamy ppi LCDs use Low Temperature Polysilicon ( LTPS ) , which has considerably higher electron mobility than a - Si , which allow the circuitry to be made much smaller . That result in significantly higher smartness and improved power efficiency , but also costs considerably more to manufacture .
Most mellow functioning smartphone displays now expend LTPS , let in the iPhone 5 and all mobile OLED ( except flexibles ) . But most LCD tablet , monitors and TVs still habituate a - atomic number 14 because their larger screens would cost considerably more to make up using LTPS . An alternative Backplane engineering call IGZO ( Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide ) , which has higher execution than a - Si , but low cost ( and execution ) than LTPS , was supposed to be available in 2012 for Tablets , monitors , and TVs , but major production problems have significantly delayed and determine its availability in 2013 . This will proceed through 2014 as Sharp is the only major maker that is beginning to embark IGZO displays .
As a answer , the two mellow public presentation pad of paper display that we lately tested , theAmazon Kindle Fire HDX 8.9andGoogle Nexus 7 , were the early adopters of LTPS for pill , while the up-to-the-minute iPads still rely on lower performance a - Si and IGZO , which limits their brightness , Color Gamut , and power efficiency . For 2014 , the persist in problems with IGZO will benefit both LTPS and the much higher performance Metal Oxide backplanes now under development byCBRITE , which should commence arriving by late 2014 .
OLEDs
Since their initial rollout in 2010 , OLED displays have been improving at a very impressive rate , with 20 percent or more year - to - year betterment in brightness , color direction , colour accuracy , resolution and ppi , and major power efficiency , which we have document in our in - deepness OLED Shoot - Outs for theSamsung Galaxy S123,Galaxy S4 , andGalaxy Note 3 . OLED are also fantastically slender , just fractions of a milli - time , which is a major advantage in peregrine displays and specially for wearable displays ( which also profit from being curved and flexile ) . In 2013 both LG and Samsung launchedcurved 55 inch OLED TVs(with IGZO and LTPS respectively ) and Smartphones withcurved and pliable OLED displays(on flexile credit card substrates ) . For 2014 there will be further class - to - year improvements as above , plus many more larger , curved , and bendable / flexible OLED Mobile River and television receiver displays , including OLED tablets and smart watches . The remain major challenges for OLED are reducing production costs and increasing yield capacities .
LCDs
In 2014 the most substantial development for in high spirits - end LCDs will be the increase espousal of Quantum Dots by many more manufacturers , which will improve the Color Gamut , Color Accuracy , display tycoon efficiency , brightness and/or the running meter on battery for peregrine display . Improved backlights and optical flick for the LCD panels will also increase smartness , viewing angles , and great power efficiency . Greater competition will leave in a continued shift to high performance LTPS backplanes and to control board with In Plane Switching ( IPS ) , Fringe Field Switching ( FFS ) , and Plane to Line Switching ( PLS ) that deliver fantabulous color and image contrast over wide ranges in viewing slant . And there are also a few curved LCD tv set , including an impressive and interesting bendable screen poser from Samsung that will ship sometime in 2014 .
2014 Display Products
Below we discuss how the 2014 Display Technologies will play out in TVs , pad of paper , smartphones , and wearable display products .
TVs
A major industry push for moving television up to 4 K UHD take up in earnest in 2013 and will continue building throughout 2014 and beyond . The biggest problem is that there is almost no 4 K UHD consumer content available yet , so watching Full HD 1920×1080 substance on a 4 K TV still only produces a 1920×1080 image on a 3840×2160 presentation because up - scaling can not provide new extra image contingent that is not present in the original image . That will bug out to exchange in 2014 as some 4 1000 streaming subject will become useable , and there is oeuvre on a 4 K Blu - electron beam banner , but magnetic disk yield is unlikely to begin before sometime in 2015 . So in addition to stream 4 K content , UHD television set can show high resolution digital photos , plus Smart TV and computer generated substance with high resolution textbook and graphics , which will seem really nice at 4 K resolutions . Another nice practical software is watching 4 Full HD 1920×1080 plan at the same time , including pasture the entanglement while watching TV . impression caliber is probable to be better due to superior panels and signaling processing — admit with regular 1920×1080 substance . Be sure to see the4 K UHDsection for information on optic visual acuity , covert size of it , and watch distance .
There is a lot more go on with idiot box than just 4 cat valium resolution :
We ’ve already discussedQuantum DotsandCurved Screens . For 2014 there is a potent energy for very tumid telecasting screens , from 80 up to 120 inches so far . Another 2014 push is for very wide screen with Aspect Ratios of 21:9 , which nicely accommodate pic that typically have Aspect Ratios from 1.85 to 2.39 — so no letterboxing necessary . Other emerge topics let in Wide Color Gamuts ( Rec.2020 ) and HighDynamicRangedisplays and content . Be certain to see theOLED and LCDsections for extra information on TVs .
Tablets
While 2013 include a major shift to small 7 - 8 column inch tablet display from the first propagation full sizing 9 - 10 inch video display , 2014 will let in 12 - 13 column inch tab displays for the professional and breeding marketplace . Samsung has already announced a 12.2 inch TabPRO and Apple is rumour to be producing a 12.9 inch iPad . The covert resolution and ppi are also increasing , with high - end Android pad moving up to 2560×1600 or Quad HD at 2560×1440 with 300 - 340 ppi base on screen size , and current Apple iPads at 2048×1536 with 264 - 326 ppi . However , a 12.9 inch iPad would only have 198 ppi , so for a retina video display another higher resolution leap out up to perhaps 4 chiliad 4096×3072 with 398 ppi seems likely .
Also expect in 2014 are some high resolution OLED lozenge and many more LCD tablets with LTPS Backplanes and Quantum Dots that will have very bright and wide-cut Color Gamut images as mentioned above . Tablet High Ambient Light performance will also persist in improve , with the 2013 record holdersAmazon Kindle Fire HDX 8.9with a very low 5.0 percent projection screen reflection factor , and theNokia Lumia 2520with a very bright 684 cd / m2 display .
Smartphones
screen door size , solving , and ppi will keep increasing for smartphone displays in 2014 . While the screen size are creeping up , the maximal silver screen size is unlikely to surmount the current book bearer of 6.1 inch for the Huawei Ascend Mate and 6.3 inches for the Samsung Galaxy Mega . require more curved covert displays and many more displays with Quantum Dots that will render very bright and wide-eyed colour Gamut ikon as mentioned above .
In 2013 a number of smartphones moved up to Full HD 1920×1080 5 - 6 column inch displays with 400 to 468 ppi , include six that we tested with in - profoundness Shoot - Outs for anLG LCD Display , forHTC Huawei and Sony LCD Displays , for theSamsung Galaxy S4 OLED Display , and theGalaxy Note 3 OLED Display .
For 2014 , both enhanced technology and enhanced competition are pushing smartphone resolutions up to Quad HD at 2560×1440 . LG is gestate to herald their flagship G3 smartphone with a 5.5 in Quad HD IPS LCD with 538 ppi , and Samsung is expect to announce their flagship Galaxy S5 Smartphone with a 5.25 inch Quad HDDiamond Pixel OLED Displaywith 560 ppi . As with television receiver there are some advantage in going higher than the optic acuity for 20/20 Vision at typical viewing distances . For smartphones they include a tight match to digital pic resolutions , the ability to display Full HD 1920×1080 figure of speech with an additional 1.6 megapixels left over for displaying additional capacity at the same time , plus efficient and simple minuscule whole number rescaling of various HD and quad screen resolution formats to improve processing efficiency and resulting picture quality .
Smartphone High Ambient Light performance will also continue better , with the 2013 record holdersSamsung Galaxy S4with a very humbled 4.4 percent screen reflectivity , and theSamsung Galaxy Note 3with a very bright 660 cd / m2 display .
Wearable Displays
The unexampled frontier for displays are wearable . They are chiefly variations on wrist mounted smart vigil , but also admit eyewear like the Google Glass . For bright watch the display is the key and a major new challenge because they need to be very small , very slender , and have major power constraints to observe a groovy than 1 day stamp battery running time , yet they must pitch shiny images in very high ambient light . As ask , most existing smart spotter have around 1.6 column inch displays . But what is especially interesting is the mixture of exhibit technologies that are already in play , include a surprise appearance of Qualcomm ’s Mirasol , a unique color reflective display engineering science that has been in limbo for a while . Many of the displays are transflective , meaning they can transmit a backlight or excogitate surrounding ambient lightness , which saves power and improves screen visibility and legibility in gamy ambient Christ Within .
The notable existing voguish watches include a traditional transflective liquid crystal display ( Sony SmartWatch 2 , 220×176 with 176 ppi and 16 - snatch semblance ) , a shameful and white Transflective memory LCD that is being called e - newspaper publisher ( Pebble , 144×168 with 176 ppi and 1 - bit color ) , a reflective color Mirasol video display ( Qualcomm Toq , 288×192 with 223 ppi ) , and a color organic light-emitting diode ( Samsung Galaxy Gear , 320×320 with 278 ppi ) .
Pluses and minus : All of the reflective displays are always on , decipherable in sunlight , and let in a backlight for when it ’s morose . OLED displays are ordinarily off but call on on automatically with a wrist movement , and have better reaction time and viewing slant performance than the other displays . liquid crystal display are more great power effective , but currently are matted and thicker , while OLEDs are much thinner and are now curving and flexible . astonishingly , none of the presentation include an Ambient Light Sensor forAutomatic Brightness control , which could improve the battery running metre importantly .
What ’s Next : Not surprisingly , there are rumors that the upcoming Samsung Galaxy Gear 2 , expected in March or April of 2014 , will have an innovative curve and flexible gamy ppi OLED showing . The one video display engineering that is prominently wanting from bright watches is Pixel Qi , which are LCD that have a musing black and white musical mode that is viewable in unmediated sunlight and also a full color fashion using a Backlight . A good guess is that Google might introduce a smart watch based on Pixel Qi display technology .
This article has been republished with permit fromDisplayMate.com , where it can be say in its entirety .
About DisplayMate Technologies
DisplayMate Technologiesspecializes in proprietary sophisticated scientific display calibration and mathematical show optimization to deliver unexcelled objective performance , ikon quality and truth for all eccentric of displays including TV and estimator varan , projector , HDTVs , mobile displays such as smartphones and lozenge , and all show technologies including LCD , OLED , 3D , LED , LCoS , Plasma , DLP and CRT . This clause is a calorie-free adaptation of our intensive scientific analysis of all type of display – before the benefit of our advanced mathematicalDisplayMate Display Optimization Technology , which can even off or improve many of the presentation lack . We offer DisplayMate presentation standardization software for consumers and sophisticated DisplayMate display diagnostic and calibration software for technician and mental test labs .
For manufacturers we offer Consulting Services that admit advanced science laboratory testing and evaluation , confidential Shoot - Outs with competing product , calibration and optimisation for displays , cameras and their User Interface , plus on - site and factory visits . See our world renownDisplay Technology Shoot - Outpublic article serial for an introduction and prevue . DisplayMate ’s advanced scientific optimisation can make downhearted cost panels depend as good or well than more expensive higher carrying out displays . For more information on our technology see the Summary verbal description of ourAdaptive Variable Metric Display Optimizer AVDO . If you are a display or merchandise manufacturer and want to grow your exhibit into a spectacular one to outdo your competitor thenContact DisplayMate Technologiesto get a line more .
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