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WASHINGTON — From the U.S. Declaration of Independence to the famed Waldseemuller existence map , documents paint an important picture of story .
But documents are made from weak materials that often fleet , rip or cheapen over time . Thanks to unexampled technology , researchers canpreserve these age - old relicsfor posterity , as well as bring out secret regarding their God Almighty and stemma . Here at the Library of Congress ' preservation laboratory , scientists are studying how to prevent the debasement of the Library ’s most treasured holdings .
Sophisticated technologies are used to preserve old documents, like the Declaration of Independence.
The field of preservation research is very minuscule , but is of great importance for preserve the human phonograph record , say Fenella France , headman of the preservation research and testing division of the Library of Congress . [ chronicle ’s 10 Most Overlooked mystery ]
" Technology is critical , since unexampled advances leave us to advantageously understand collection materials , identify issues , and prevent further changes or degradation from occurring , " France told LiveScience .
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Sophisticated technologies are used to preserve old documents, like the Declaration of Independence.
France ’s team spends a deal of fourth dimension developing noninvasive techniques for analyzing the Library ’s artifacts . They employ a method acting called hyperspectral tomography to let out o.k. details of ancient text edition and maps .
The human eye can onlysee light in the visible spectrum , from red to violet . But hyperspectral imagination divides Christ Within into isthmus that run outside this part of theelectromagnetic spectruminto the ultraviolet radiation and infrared .
The images contain a wealth of information about the artifact ’s origin and degradation mechanism . vestige ingredient in the ink paint suggest at when and where the artifact was made . Sometimes the images bring out something new , such as a watermark or secret schoolbook .
Hyperspectral imaging reveals details of a document not visible to the human eye.
For example , in the U.S.Declaration of Independence , Thomas Jefferson wrote the set phrase " my fellow citizen , " but the word " citizens " was written over another , illegible word . Hyperspectral imaging revealed Jefferson ’s original set phrase was " my fellow subjects . "
Preserving and protecting
protect artifacts against degradation is one of the Library ’s basal jobs . Most paper documents are digitized , but the Library works severely to preserve the originals .
" One of the most spunk - racking things about this field of operation is knowing you are working with the ' only copy ' of this particular , and that there is no room for error , " France say .
Oxygen - rich environments speed up degradation , so preservation experts sometimes store artifacts in encasements where the O has been take out . Controlling moisture is also decisive .
The Waldseemuller map of the world , made in 1507 by German cartographer Martin Waldseemuller , is the first map in existence cognize to use the parole " America " for the western continent . Valued at an estimate $ 10 million , the Waldseemuller is the Library ’s most worthful purchase . [ In mental image : Ancient Maps and Sea Monsters ]
Before the 4 - by-8 - foot map ( 1.2 by 2.4 meters ) went on lasting presentation in 2007 in the " Exploring the Early Americas " solicitation , preservation faculty scanned all 12 sheets of the function with hyperspectral imaging . But the real achievement was make the incasement that would safely put up the historical treasure .
Library staff designed the encasement with service from the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . The base was machine from a solid small-arm of atomic number 13 valuate about 116 in by 73 inch by 4 inches ( 295 by 185 by 10 centimeters ) . A blockheaded sheet of nonreflective glass covers this base , attach by an anodized aluminium frame sealed with 92 bolts . ( Anodized atomic number 13 contains a thick oxide layer that increases erosion impedance . )
The enclosure is hermetically sealed and filled with the inert gasargoninstead of O , because oxygen reacts with the material in report and ink to take down them . The Ar preserve the atmospheric pressure that the aviation would usually exert on the map .
Sensors monitor the environment inside the incasement , alert Library stave if conditions veer into dangerous degradation territory , France said . If the pressure inside exceeds a safe level for the mapping , France gets a text substance , and has to come in and ventilate the excess pressure .
Similar incasement house the Declaration of Independence , the Constitution and the Bill of Rights . The Waldseemuller incasement is by far the largest .
The main purpose of preserving documents is so people can examine them . " Libraries face the challenge of earn collections approachable and useable , while also juggling saving , " France tell .
